| Title: | Evaluation of the Association Between Coffee Consumption, Including Type (Instant, Ground), and Addition of Milk or Sweeteners and New-Onset Hypertension and Potential Modifiers |
| Journal: | Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics |
| Published: | 18 Oct 2024 |
| Pubmed: | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39426517/ |
| DOI: | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jand.2024.10.013 |
Publication 13615
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Abstract
BACKGROUND: The association between coffee consumption and incident hypertension remained inconsistent.</p>
OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to examine the association of consumption of coffee, including different types (instant and ground) and with different additives, with new-onset hypertension, and evaluate whether genetic variation in caffeine metabolism and inflammation may modify the association.</p>
DESIGN: This study utilized a prospective cohort design.</p>
PARTICIPANTS/SETTING: A total of 98 765 participants free of hypertension enrolled in the UK Biobank between 2006 and 2010 were included. Dietary coffee consumption was collected using 24-hour dietary recall questionnaires.</p>
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The study outcome was new-onset hypertension, ascertained by self-reported medical conditions, hospital inpatient records, death registers, and primary care records.</p>
STATISTICAL ANALYSES PERFORMED: Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate hazard ratio and 95% CI. Potential modifying effects were assessed by likelihood ratio testing.</p>
RESULTS: During a median follow-up of 12.1 years, 7090 (7.2%) new-onset cases of hypertension were documented. Overall, regardless of coffee type (instant or ground) and whether adding milk to coffee, there was a U-shaped association between unsweetened coffee consumption and new-onset hypertension, with a 14% to 18% reduction of hypertension risk at >1 to ≤4 drinks per day, whereas a null association was observed between sweetened coffee consumption and the risk of new-onset hypertension. Relative to coffee nonconsumers, the adjusted hazard ratio (95% CI) of new-onset hypertension for participants who drinking unsweetened coffee 1 or fewer, >1 to 2, >2 to 3, >3 to 4, and >4 drinks/day were 0.92 (95% CI 0.85 to 1.00), 0.82 (95% CI 0.76 to 0.89), 0.86 (95% CI 0.79 to 0.96), 0.86 (95% CI 0.77 to 0.96), and 0.88 (95% CI 0.78 to 0.99), respectively. Moreover, a stronger inverse association between moderate consumption of unsweetened coffee and new-onset hypertension was found in participants with higher C-reactive protein levels (P for interaction =.012), whereas an individual's genetic variation in caffeine metabolism did not significantly modify the association (P for interaction = .453).</p>
CONCLUSIONS: Regardless of the type of coffee (instant or ground) or the addition of milk to coffee, moderate consumption of unsweetened coffee (>1 to ≤4 drinks/day), but not sweetened coffee, was associated with a lower risk of new-onset hypertension.</p>
19 Keywords
- Adult
- Aged
- Animals
- Caffeine
- Coffee
- Diet
- Female
- Follow-Up Studies
- Humans
- Hypertension
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Milk
- Proportional Hazards Models
- Prospective Studies
- Risk Factors
- Surveys and Questionnaires
- Sweetening Agents
- United Kingdom
8 Authors
- Mengyi Liu
- Yanjun Zhang
- Ziliang Ye
- Sisi Yang
- Yuanyuan Zhang
- Panpan He
- Chun Zhou
- Xianhui Qin
1 Application
| Application ID | Title |
|---|---|
| 73201 | Identification of residual risks of non-infectious chronic diseases |
Enabling scientific discoveries that improve human health